T 

35^ 



B^5 



MtpHMfMp 





MECHANICAL DRAWING 

PROBLEMS 




BERG $ KRONaUIST 



j-nTr — ^-T' — n'"'rinir""VTi "nilT"" ■—■—^~^^•^—■■- 



mmlamUitmitumuuntmtm»nfmmtmmimm»»imtMntmtiitmtimttittmUitltt\lli\liftUiUMiwuVitH»tl»ii<titHii 




Class _X353_ 
Book I B 4-5 



G)pighti\'.'. 



CfiP»«GHT DEFOSm 



Mechanical Drawing Problems 



FOR 



High Schools, Normal Schools and Vocational Schools 



By Edward Berg and Emil F. Kronquist 

Instructions in Mechanical Drawing 

Washington High School 

Milwaukee, Wis. 




The Manual Arts Press 

Peoria, Illinois 



Copyright. 1918 
Edward Berg and Emil F. Kronquist 



SEP 14 1918 
{0)CIA5U6141 



*^^ p 



I 



X^^? 
'^1^.- 



PREFACE 

The aim of the authors is to present to the student and the teacher a collection of progressive 
problems embodying the fundamental principles and examples of practical mechanical drawing, 
arranged to cover two years of school work. The problems are grouped into first semester, second 
semester, and third and fourth semester work, and arranged with the view in mind of teaching the 
proper amount of principles and application during a given period of time. With this plan it is 
felt that the student who leaves school at any time during the first two years or at the end of 
two years, will have received the proportional amount of mechanical drawing which will serve his 
needs best in the practical walks of life. 

Each problem is given in the form of a specification sheet and a lay-out sheet from which 
the student is to make the completed drawing. The specification sheet gives a statement of the 
problem and is frequently supplemented with text matter which bears upon and emphasizes the 
thing to be taught in the problem, or gives some relative information. The lay-out sheet suggests 
the method of procedure, and also furnishes an object lesson in the form of carefully executed 
work which is always before the pupil. With this method, class instruction is reduced to a mini- 
mum, giving the teacher more time for individual instruction, and the pupil the opportunity of 
working things out by himself. The proper use of the specification, lay-out, and reference sheets 
will do much, it is believed, towards creating self-reliance and personal effort and exertion on 
the part of the student. 

The required problems are fully supplemented, making the course flexible, and suitable for 
many needs. The reference sheets are made use of thruout the book, and will be found a valu- 
able feature. The extra plates may be used to extend the work over a period of more than 
two vears. 



OUTLINE OF COURSE BY SEMESTERS. 



FIRST SEMESTER 



REQUIRED PROBLEMS 

No. Title Page No. 

1 Instrumental Exercise 14 

2 Lettering 18 

3 Geometric Problems 22 

4 Lap Joint 26 

5 T-Slot Base 30 

6 V-Block 32 

7 Bracket 34 7A 

8 Ink-Weil Stand 38 8A 

9 Nail Box 42 9A 

10 Mortise-and-Tenon Joint 46 loA 

11 Ring 50 iiA 

12 Face-Plate 54 12A 

13 Clutch Thimble 58 13A 

14 Pen Tray 62 14A 

15 Book-Rack 66 15A 



SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS 
Title 



Page 



Brace 36 

Try-Square 40 

Bench-Hook 44 

Dovetail Joint 48 

Strap 52 

Valve Stem 56 

Shaft Bracket 60 

Pin Bearing 64 

Footstool e8 



Plates 1, 2, 3, 8, 12, and 15 are required inked or traced. As many other plates as the time will permit 
should be inked or traced. If possible, a blueprint should be made from tracing of plate 15. 

The supplementary problems are intended for the student that works ahead of the class. They may be sub- 
stituted for the corresponding required problems or be given as additional problems. They may also be used as 
test plates. 



MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



SECOND SEMESTER 



Xo. 
i6 

1/ 
i8 

19 
20 
21 
22 

23 

24 

-'5 
26 

27 
28 
29 

30 






REQUIRED PROBLEMS 

Title ' Page 

Lettering 70 

Triangular Prism 74 

Hexagonal Prism 76 

Octagonal Prism 78 

Triangular Pyramid 80 

Square Prism (inclined) 82 

Triangular Prism (inclined) 84 

Hexagonal Pyramid (inclined) 86 

H-Block (revolved) 88 

Notched Block (inclined and revolved) 90 

Truncated Pyramid 92 

Tool-Post Slide 96 

Frame 100 

Gland 104 

Pipe Elbow 108 

Babbitt Bearing 112 

Rocker Arm 116 



No. 



SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS 
Title 



Page 



Plates 16, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, and 32 are required 
permit should be inked or traced. If possible, a bluep 

The supplementary problems are intended for the 
stituted for the corresponding required problems or be 
test plates. 



26A 
27 A 
28A 
29A 
30A 
31 A 
32A 

inked or traced. 



Truncated Prism 94 

Hexagonal Wrench 98 

Nut Bowl 102 

Gear Blank 106 

Chain no 

Flanged Bushing 114 

Bell Crank Lever 118 



As many other plates as the time will 
rint should be made from tracing of plate 32. 

student that works ahead of the class. They may be sub- 
given as additional problems. They may also be used as 



OUTLINE OF COURSE BY SEMESTERS 



THIRD AND FOURTH SEMESTERS 



REQUIRED PROBLEMS 

No. Title Page 

^2 Truncated Square Prisin 120 

34 Truncated Octagonal Prism 124 

35 Truncated Triangular Prism 128 

36 Truncated Triangular Pyramid 132 

^y Truncated Square Pyramid 134 

38 Truncated Cylinder 138 

39 Truncated Cone 142 

40 Intersecting Cylinders (90°) 146 

41 Cylinder Intersecting Cone (90°).... 150 

42 Ventilator 154 

43 Pipe Elbow and Funnel 158 

44 Steering Column Support 162 

45 Cast Iron Pulley 166 

46 Library Table 170 

47 Isometric Drawings 174 

48 U. S. Standard Thread 178 

49 Automobile Garage 182 

Plates 42 to 49 inclusive, should be inked or traced, 
of plates 45 and 49. 

The supplementary problems are intended for the st 
stituted for the corresponding required problems or be gi 
test plates. 



SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS 

No. Title Page 

33 A Truncated Square Prism 122 

34A Truncated Pentagonal Prism 126 

35 A Truncated Triangular Prism 130 

37A Truncated Oblique Pyramid 136 

38A Sheet-Metal Hood 140 

39A Oblique Cone i44 

40 A Intersecting Cylinder (60'') 14S 

41A Cylinder Intersecting Cone (60°)... 152 

42A Reducing Tee 156 

43A 15° Fork Wrench 160 

44 A Slotted Segment 164 

45A Hand \Yhed 168 

46A Bed 17- 

47A Isometric Drawings 176 

48A ^Machine Bolts 180 

49 A Architectural Details 186 

If possible, blueprints should be made from tracings 

udent that works ahead of the class. They may be sub- 
ven as additional problems. They may also be used as 



8 



MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



REFERENCE SHEETS 



Title Page 

Geometric Problems i88 

How to Sharpen a Pencil 192 

Inking Irregular Curves 193 

Dimensioning 194 

Methods of Indicating Finish 195 

Representation of Materials 196 

Conventional Sections 197 



Title Page 

U. S. Standard Bolts and Nuts 198 

U. S. Standard Thread 199 

Square Thread and Acme Thread 200 

Various Kinds of Screws 201 

Cabinet Drawing Illustrated 202 

Architectural Details 203 



EXTRA 

Title Page 

Structural Steel Forms 204 

Paper Punch 205 

A-Ietalworking Vise 206 

Vise Details 207 

Hammered Copper Lamp 208 

Fern Stand 209 ' 

Costumer 210 

Piano Bench 211 



PLATES 

Title Page 

Library Table 212 

Library Table 213 

Turned Pedestal 214 

Candlesticks 215 

Square Pedestal 216 

Automobile Garage 217 

Window Details 218 

Summer Cottage 219-223 



PROBLEMS AND SPECIFICATIONS 



10 



MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



LIST OF INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIALS. 

1. Set of drawing instruments, including at least one ruling pen and a compass with inter- 
changeable lead point and pen point. 

2. Drawing board. 

3. T-square. 

4. 45° and 30° — 60° triangles. 

5. Irregular curve. 

6. 12-inch architect's triangular scale. 

7. One 6H and one 3H pencil. 

8. Bottle of drawing ink. 

9. I doz. flat head thumb-tacks. 

to. Penholder, assorted writing pens. 

11. Pencil eraser and cleaning rubber. 

12. Piece of soft cloth to keep ruling pen clean, and a few small sheets of sandpaper to keep 
pencil points sharp. 

The drawings are made on ii"x 15" sheets of paper which are cut from the "Imperial" size 
sheet which is a standard size and measures 22" x 30". They are trimmed to 10" x 14^" when 
the drawing is completed. A good grade of cream colored or white paper is recommended. 



LAY-OUT SHEET 



-i^t- 



^7~ 



P) 



/a 



-eg 
J 



-i^ 




J 

H 



MAIN TITLg 

scale: dat e 



METHOD OF LAYING OUT BORDER LINE AND CUTTING LINE 



(jj W/Th &cale and penci/ u&ed a& 
indicate eJ . locate, points for looriz.onTa/ 
tines . 




^2) Throug h the points dra\A/ li^ht fines 
of indefinite ienc /fh. Use top edg e^ of 




3) UV///7 &caie and penci/ used as 
indicated , /ocate points for yertica/ 
//r?e3>. 



_4) \A/ifh pencil , ~F& quare and Tric/n^ /e- 
c/ra\A/ vertical fine.& from The boT - 
Tonn to\^ar'd£> "the Top . 





METHOD OF LAYING OUT BORDER LINE AND CUTTING LINE (Continued) 



^5) JDrci\r/ \/(zry light circular ' n^c,^ g/^ 
in c/iccrTec/ ^ c cj-tTin 
To cfesir^ffcf /enqt, 



in c/icoTac^ . cj-rtTJjna off hof^de-r ^ //"/-re 




G) The, fini&hec/ £?c?rc/e^ h'n& <y& /f 
^-^f'i/ /ook y/^/her^ ^ > e7g>7C //e c/ in „ . 7~h^ 
cuTt/n^ I jyre niz.cc/ noT be f pcnc i/e c/ //?. 




© 



MEITHOO or L. AY IN G- OUT A< S//^/=>L.E: f=>l^^TE:. 



f^et^cl / lay-ou T of o 3> inn pie p/ate- 



f^eac/ y f'o h§ ^, 0er?ci/<3c/ in ^^ o^~ ink e ci . 




2L) 7~h^ finished plate as jT \r^i// ajo - 
pean \AyhGn psnci led /'a7 oa- /r>ked . 




DDD 

nnn 




u 



MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 1. 

Draw horizontal and vertical lines with T-square and triangle to form eight squares as shown in 
the lay-out sheet on the opposite page. 

Draw diagonals in squarer i, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and space off half inches on the* diagonals. 

Sq. I. Draw horizontal and vertical lines through half inch marks. 

Sq. 

Sq. 



45° lines (to a horizontal) through half inch marks in hoth directions. 



30" 

60° " " " 

^ . o ii a c( ct 

^„o <i " << it 

7o 

five concentric circles. 

three eccentric circles 2V2", 



<( 


ft 


le 


« 


tt 


tt 


It 


It 


tt 



^'^" and i" in diameter. 



m 



Sq 
Sq 
Sq 

Sq 
Sq 

Draw four Hues used in mechanical drawing ; visible, invisible, projection and center lines. 
Draw three arcs having 9. 8, and 7 inch radii. 
Omit all dimensions and figures. 

1. What is an angle? 

2. How many degrees are there in a circle? 

3. How many degrees are there in a right angle? 

4. What is meant by concentric and eccentric circles? 



PLATE 1 




ME.THOD QJF F=>L/\CIM& TfR/A/SfG'l-E.'B TO C)RA\A/ 1^/ME.xS //V PLATE. J_ 











PLATE 1 (Completed) 




l8 . MECHANICAL DRAWIXG PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 2. 

This plate is to acquaint the student with the form and method of executing upright gothic 
capital letters and to lay the foundation for the lettering on the plates that are to follow. 

The letters are arranged in three groups: the first group comprising those of \-ertical and 
horizontal strokes ; the second group including slant or inclined strokes ; the third group including 
curved strokes. A number of words are given with each group. Enough words should be let- 
tered to fill out the space. Shorter words such as IF, IT, TILL, WE, AXE, and IN, may be 
used or original words may be substituted by the student. 

In laying out the sheet draw first the horizontal guide lines. The bow dividers may be set to 
the height of the letters and used to good advantage. Then draw the vertical guide lines for the 
letters in the groups, spacing them evenly as indicated in the lay-out sheet. The letters in the words 
should he close to each other and the zvords zvcll separated. Draw a few vertical guide lines, spac- 
ing them at random, to help form the letters in the words and also the figures. The direction of 
each stroke should be followed carefully and should always be used in making the letters. 

The title should always be symmetrical with reference to a vertical center line and should be 
located as indicated on the lay-out sheet. Start with the longest line and letter backwards. This 
will insure its being placed correctly and will help in making it symmetrical. 



I 

'2' 



i' 



~W 



-IcO 



I, 
-1(0 



:z: 

32" 



-to 



-|«0 



LAY-OUT OF PLATE 2 



'-H 



1^ 



■-J k-r 



l± 



l± 






TABLE OF STROKES 



L 
T 
H 
F 
E 
N 
Z 
M 
4 
7 
2 



STROKES 


1 


£ 


3 


4- 


i 
( 


1 i^ 


H 




1 




F 




i' 


r— -• 


F 


■:r~ 


ii 


1 


N 






7 


Z 




r 


h 


f\/ 


Ml 


1^ 


^ 


A 




^— . 


7 






P 


1 








32 

:a 

V 

^/V 
K 

v/ 
/\ 

Y 
U 
J 
O 

5 
3 
S 



STROKES 


1 


2 


3 


4- 




A 


A 




\.,, 


V 






\^ 


V' 


\A 


W/ 


(:, 


K 


K 




\ 


X 










Y 

U 




i* 


U 






(C 


Q 






'•' 


O 


5 




-^ 


3 






Cc 


c§ 


cf 


© 



o 
c 

G 
D 
P 
R 
B 
S 
6 
9 
O 



STROKES j 


1 


2 


3 


c 


Q 


9 


r 







r^ 


Q' 





r 


D 


D 


T 


r^ 


P 


i 


p 


R 


f 


p 


B 


/^ 


^ 


S 


c 





6 


^ 


9 


a 


cc 







v^ 


^ 


<& 



Location d/nnen^/on& are a/\/\/ay s> faid out to fufl size. , but should be 
onnitted lin the finished c/f-as/^in^ . 



PLATE 2 (Completed) 



I L T H F E LIFE LITHE FILE LIFT TILE 



ZXMAVWKNY EXAMINE ZEAL WEAK 



UUOQCeDPBSR&. PROBLEMS QUIT 



UPRIGHT FREEHAND GOTHIC CAPITAL LETTERS 



2345678QO 35 26 79o" 9^' |f " 



^16 



9 

32! 



I 
'6" 



^^ 



1 



% 



%.. 



MAIN title: 

SCALE DATE 

NAM EL 



22 



MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 3. 

With light lines draw ii squares as shown in the plate on the opposite page. Each square 
contains a figure involving a geometric problem, the solution of which must be understood before 
the figure can be drawn. Study carefully the geometric problem referred to in each case. 

Alake the line 2" long. See page 188, Prob. i. 

See page 188, Prob. 2. 

The vertex of the angle is located as shown. The angle is 60°. See page 188, 

The line is 2" long and is to be divided into 5 parts. See page 189, Prob. 4, 

See page 189, Prob. 5. 

Large arcs, i" radius; small arcs, Yi" radius. See page 189, Prob. 6. 

The arcs have a radius of Yz"- See page 190, Prob. 7. 

Large arc, Ya" radius; small arcs Y9>" radius. See page 190, Prob. 8. 

Diameter of circle, 2Y2" . See page 190, Prob. 9. 

Diameter of circle, 2.Yi," ■ See page 191, Prob. 10. 

See page 191, Prob. 11. 



Sq. 


I. 


Sq. 


2. 


Sq. 


3- 


Prob. 3. 




Sq. 


4- 


Sq. 


5- 


. Sq. 


6. 


Sq. 


7- 


Sq. 


8. 


Sq. 


9- 


Sq. 


10. 


Sq. 


II. 



Title:— GEO^IETRIC PROBLEMS 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



PLATE 3 



«OkO 





A- 



24 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

WORKING DRAWINGS. 

A working drawing of an object is a group of completely dimensioned views of that object, 
so arranged and drawn that it will give all the information necessary to make the object. 

A picture drawing of an object is a single view of the object represented as it appears to the 
eye when viewed or looked at from a stationary point. It shows only those parts, surfaces and 
edges, that can be seen from one point and does not show them in their true shape, proportion 
or relative size. 

In a working drawing the object is viewed from many points — as many as are necessary to 
show all the edges, surfaces, etc., in their true shape and size. In a picture drawing we have one 
view of the object, in a working drawing we have two or more views, sometimes five. 

It will be noticed in the working drawings on the opposite page that the invisible or hidden 
edges of an object are shown as well as the visible edges. They are represented by means of 
broken lines which indicate that they are hidden from view by some other part of the object. 

1. How does a working drawing differ from a picture drawing of an object? 

2. How many views should be shown in a working drawing of an oliject? 

3. How are invisible or hidden edges of an object indicated in a working drawing? 



WORKING DRAWINGS 




PICTURE. DRAWING 



lA 













♦—^1^ 






' i ^ ' 


WORKING 


DRA\NlNO 




PICTURE. DRAWING 



ZA 






-i-nJr<3H- 



j_2 



1 r 

J L 



i VORKlN& DRASA/IN& 



^ 




picture: DRAWiNO 



4-A 




WORKING DRA^A^IN& 



PICTURE DRAWINe 



6A 




WORKING DRAWIN& 




PICTURE. DRAWINO 



3A 






1 
1 










WO 


RKIN 


& 


Dl 


^AW 


N& 




PICTURE. DRAWINe 



6A 




W^ORKINie DRAWING 



26 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 4. 

Make a complete working drawing of the Lap-joint Piece, showing the front, top and right 
side views. The lay-out sheet on the opposite page gives the location of views and shows the front 
view complete. The top and side views are partially drawn and are to be completed with the aid 
of the front view and the picture drawing shown in the upper right-hand corner. Scale I2"=i'. 

Indicate all dimensions which are necessary and helpful to make the piece. 

Title:— LAP-JOINT PIECE 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

In a w^orking drawing of an object one of its sides or surfaces is selected for the front view. 
It is drawn as it appears when held squarely in front of and on a level with the eye. The top 
view is drawn as it appears when the object is viewed squarely from above, and is placed 
directly above and in line with the front view. The side view is drawn as it appears when 
the object is viewed squarely from the side, and is placed directly opposite and in line with the 
front view. When the object is viewed from the right side, the side view is placed to the right 
of the front view; when it is viewed from the left side, the side view is placed to the left of the 
front view. 

1. Is the top view placed directly above the front view ? 

2. Is the side view placed directly opposite the front view? 

3. Where should the left side view be placed with reference to the front view? 



PLATE 4 




n- 



PENCIL LAY-OUT OF PLATE 4 



tr 



PLATE 4 (Completed) 





-.' 






^ a. 





ai 



I " 



<M 



2-k 



LAP JOINT PIEICE 

6CAL.^|g"=l' DA-TE 



Note. It will be noticed that all dimensions are placed so as to read from the bottom edge or the right- 
hand edge of the sheet. This rule must always be adhered to. 



30 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 5. 

Make a complete working drawing of the T-slot base, showing the front view, top view, 
and right-side view. The lay-out sheet gives the location of views and shows the side view 
completed. The front and top views are to be drawn with the aid of the side view and the 
picture drawing. 

Indicate all necessary dimensions. 

Title:— T-SLOT BASK 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

Any side of an object can be used as the front view. It is customary, however, to place 
the object in its natural position and to use that side which shows clearly the most detail for 
the front view. When the front view has been determined upon, the top and side views 
must be drawn in their proper relation to it. 

1. In making a working drawing can any side of an object be used as the front view? 

2. In what position is an object generally drawn? 

3. Which side of an object is preferred for the front view? 



PLATE 5 




32 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 6. 

Make a complete working drawing of the V-block, showing the front view, top view and 
right-side view. The lay-out sheet gives the location of views and shows the front view com- 
pletely drawn. The top and side views are to be drawn with the aid of the front view and 
the perspective sketch. 

Indicate all necessary dimensions. 

Title:— V-BLOCK 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

The number of views in a working drawing depends upon the shape, construction and 
nature of the article drawn. A good drawing must show enough views to indicate clearly 
the shape and size of the different parts, surfaces and edges, and their relation each to the 
other. This may necessitate three or more views and should have at least two. 

1. How many views should be shown in a working drawing of an object? 

2. Why is one view not sufficient in a complete working drawing? 

3. What is the weight, in cast iron, of the V-Block? The weight of cast iron is .26 lbs. per cubic inch. 



PLATE 6 




34 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 7. 

With the aid of the perspective sketch, make a complete working drawing of the Bracket, 
showing the front view, top view and right-side view. Inckide all necessary dimensions. 
Scale I2"=i'. 

Title:— BRACKET 

SCALE • DATE 

NAME 

Correct and well-placed dimensions are a very important part of a working drawing. 
They are fully as important as the lines which indicate the shape of the object drawn and 
should be placed carefully. The figures and arrow-heads should be well executed so that they 
may be read easily and their meaning may not be mistaken. 

1. Why are the dimensions on a drawing very important? 

2. Is the drawing of the Bracket complete with the front view and side view? 

3. Could all dimensions be shown in the front view? 



PLATE 7 




36 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 7A, 

With the help of the perspective sketch, make a complete working drawing of the Brace, 
showing the front view, top view and right-side view. Indicate all necessary dimensions. 
Scale I2"=i'. 

Title:— BRACE 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

Notes on Dimensioning. 

1. Dimensions should read from the bottom and the right side of the sheet. 

2. In general, dimensions should not be repeated. 

3. Figures in fractions should be made large enough to be read easily. 



PLATE 7A 



ok 

_J_ 







^ 








^ 






1" 


-K 




It 

1 1 , 


3" 


"^ 


^^^AD 


(0 

/ 


d 


' 2 


1 1 








4(0 






a' 








-|M 
















J 

s 


-^ 










T,8 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 8. 

Make a complete working drawing of the Ink-well Stand, showing the front view and 
top view, and the right-side view "in section" or as it would be seen if part A in the picture 
drawing were removed. 

The section lines should be drawn light, and should indicate the kind of material used. 
The Ink-well Stand is made of cast-iron, wood or glass. See page 196. 

The chamfers are ^" x ^". Scale I2"=i'. 

Title:— INK-WELL STAND 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

When an object has interior construction or is of such a shape that it involves many 
broken lines to show hidden parts, it is advantageous to show one of the views with part 
of the object removed or cut away so that the shape or construction may be seen more 
clearly and the dimensions placed to the best advantage. Such a view is said to be "in sec- 
tion" or partly in section and the surface or surfaces which have been cut. or supposedly 
sawed, are covered with "section lines" representing the kind of material used. See page 196. 

Section lines are generally the last lines to be drawn and should not be put on until all 
dimensions have been placed. 

1. Why are views of an object or parts of views shown in section? 

2. What are section Hnes and why are they used? 

3. Why is the drawing of the Ink-Well Stand not complete with the front and top views only? 



PLATE 




_|.0 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 8A. 

Make a complete working drawing of the Tr}-square, including the front view, top 
view, left-side view and an isolated section of the beam. Scale I2"^i'. 

The graduations, or division marks on the blade, are to be drawn with light lines and 
are Ys", Y^" , Yi" and Y^" long respectively. The blade is tV" thick. 

Title :— TRY-SQUARE 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

Sometimes it is convenient to indicate the shape and dimensions of part of an object by 
an "isolated section." Section o-o is an isolated section taken on line o-o in the working 
drawing of the Try-square and is drawn to twice the size. It is customary to show only the 
outline of the actual surface cut, and the view may be placed at any convenient place on the 
sheet of paper as long as it does not interfere with the other views. 

1. What is an isolated section? 

2. Why is it used? 



PLATE 8A 



i 



(^ 0£ TOP VtELW . 



N / [ 



'-4. 



I 



.Jk 



T 

-K 

1 







42 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 9. 

Make a complete working drawing of the Nail Box, showino- the front view, top view 
and right-side view. All material is }i" thick. Scale 12'' =1'. 

Title:— NAIL BOX 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

The side of an object represented by one of the views often consists of many separate sur- 
faces or divided parts. Each of the divisions or details should be dimensioned and the sum of 
these "detail" dimensions should be equal to the total, or "over-all" dimension of that side of 
the object. Both the detail dimensions and the over-all dimension should always be indicated. 

1. What is meant by "detail" dimensions? By "over-all" dimensions? 

2. Should the detail and over-all dimensions both be indicated? 

3. How many board feet of lumber are th.ire lu the .-rail box? 



PLATE 9 




44 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 9A. 

Make a complete working drawing of the Bench-hook, showing the front view, top view 
and right-side view. Scale I2"^i'. 

Title:— BENCH-HOOK 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

1. How many board feet of lumber are required to make 48 bench-hooks? 



PLATE 9A 




46 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 10. 

i\Iake an assembly drawing of the Mortise-and-Tenon Joint, showing the front view and 
right-side view. Scale I2"^i'. 

■ Title:— MORTISE-AND-TENON JOINT 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

Working drawings may be divided into two general classes : assembly drawings and detail 
drawings. An assembly drawing is a drawing of an object which consists of several distinctly 
separate parts, represented as they appear when put together, or assembled. A detail draw- 
ing is one which represents each single or separate part of the object. The workmen who 
cut the stones to proper shape and size, work from detail drawings ; the builder who places 
the stones in their proper position works from an assembly drawing. Likewise, the machinist 
who machines the fly-wheel works from a detail drawing; the mechanic who puts the engine 
together works from an assembly drawing. 

1. What is meant by an "assembly drawing" of an object? 

2. What is meant by a "detail drawing" of an object? 

3. Why is the right-side view preferred to the left-side view in this case? 



PLATE 10 




48 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate lOA. 

Make a complete working drawing of the Dovetail Joint, showing the front view, top 
view and right-side view. Scale I2"==i'. 

Title:— DOVETAIL JOINT 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

1, Where have you seen a joint of this kind used? 



PLATE lOA 




;0 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 11. 

Make a complete working drawing of the Ring, showing the front view and left-side 
view. The upper half of the side view is to be shown in section. Scale i2"=i'. 

Title:— RING 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

When a view of an object which is symmetrical about an axis (alike on both sides of its 
center line) is to be shown in section, it is a good plan to draw only one-half in section. The 
view of the object is then said to be "half in section." See page 197. 

In making a drawing of a cylindrical or circular object all center lines should be drawn 
first. The view showing the circular form of the object should then be drawn and the other view 
or views projected from it. Centers for arcs should always be located with intersecting lines, 
and all circles and arcs should be drawn first in inking. The character <t is an abbreviation 
for the term "center line." 

1. When is it a good plan to show a view of an object "half In section"? 

2. Outline the steps in drawing tlie Ring. 

3. Why should arcs and circles be inked first? 



PLATE 11 




52 MECHAXICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 11 A. 
Make a complete working drawing of the Strap. Scale I2"=i', 

Title:— STRAP 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

XOTES OX DiMEXSIOXIXG. 

1. A center line should never be used as a dimension line. 

2. The radius of an arc of a circle should be marked R, or R.a.d. 

3. In locating holes, always indicate the distance between center lines. 



PLATE 11 A 




54 



MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 12. 

Make a complete working drawing of the Face-plate. Bore %". Scale I2"=i'. 

Title :— FACE-PLATE 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

Sharp inside corners make a casting or a machine part w'eak, and should always be avoided 
if possible. These corners may be strengthened by making them rounded. This rounding is 
called a "fillet." The corners are said to be "filleted." 

In a drawing, fillets are constructed with circular arcs. The radius of the arcs should 
always be indicated. 

1. What is a tangent of a circle? What is meant by the "point of tangency"? 

2. What is an arc? A chord? A segment? 

3. Why are inside corners in a casting "filleted" ? 





V</ithtout Fillet& . 



FilleTed 



PLATE 12 




56 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 12 A. 

Make a complete working drawing of the Valve Stem. Scale I2"=i'. 

Title:— VALVE STEM 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

■ Notes on Dimensions. 

i. Always give the diameter of a circle, not the radius. 

2. Never omit the size of fillets. 

3. Do not foraret center lines. 



PLATE 12A 





r8 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 13. 
Make a complete working drawing of the Clutch Thimble. Scale I2"=i'. 

Title:— CLUTCH THIMBLE 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

In a drawing of a cylindrical object of many diameters and where one of the views con- 
sists of many circles, it is not good practice to place the diameter dimensions on the circles. 
It is better to put them in the other ^■iew where the}' can be read and interpreted mors 
easily. 

A dimension should never be placed on a center line and should never be crowded into a 
space which is too narrow for the figures. 

1. When the drawing of an object involves many circles, where should the diameter dimensions be 
placed ? Why ? 

2. \\'hy slioulfl dimensions not be placed on center lines ? 

3. ^^'hy should a dimension never be crowded into a narrow space? 



PLATE 13 




60 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 13 A. 
Make a complete working drawing of the Shaft Bracket. Scale 12"=:'. 

Title:— SHAFT BRACKET 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

1. Why is it unnecessary to draw three views of the Shaft Bracket? 

2. Why is a drawing with the front and top view preferred to a drawing with the front and side view ? 



PLATE 13A 




5^ 



-to 



(^ OP TOP VIEW 





^^^ A '" 


^ 


-^^ 


/ 




>i*^ 






-— \"—^ 


\ 

'■Or* 


"l 


P 








^^ ^S. 








1 

1 


1 

! 


» A 

V 


1 

1 

1 


1 
1 
1 


\ 






-11 


- -^ " 


- '^ " 




1 ' 




. 1 


' 16' 




^6 






-=^16 






u 




-N 



2i 



62 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



Specification-— Plate 1-^. 

]Make a complete working drawing of the Pen Tray, showing the front and top view and 
the right-side view in section. Scale 9"^!'. 

Title :— PEN TRAY 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

Keep the Ruling Pen Clean, 

Drawing ink consists of a black pigment held in solution with an acid. The acid evapo- 
rates quickly so that lines drawn with the ink will dry rapidly. The ruling pen must therefore 
be cleaned constantly as the ink becomes thick and sluggish between the points of the nibs. 
^^'hen this occurs the ink does not flow freely and the result is a ragged line or no line at all. 
\\'hile inking, a soft cloth should be used occasionally to wipe out the thick ink and to keep 
the nibs clean and bright both inside and outside. 

1. Wliy should a ruling pen be kept clean? 



PLATE 14 




64 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 14 A. 

Make a complete working drawing of the Pin Bearing. Scale I2"=i'. 

Title:— PIN BEARING 

SCALE DATE ' . 

NAME 

1. Why are the front and side views preferred to the front and top views in the drawing of the Pin 
Bearine? 



PLATE 14A 




66 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 15. 

Make an assembly drawing of the Book-rack showing two views. The construction 
should be shown and all parts dimensioned. In the picture drawing one end is removed to 
show the construction. Scale 6"=i'. 

Title:— BOOK-RACK 

SCALE SATE 

NAME 

A "bill of material" for an object to be constructed of wood, is a tabulated statement 
which gives the number wanted, the size, the material and the name of each piece required to 
make it. 

Lumber sizes should be given in the following order: Thickness by Width by Length. 

1. Make out a bill of material for the Book-rack using the form as shown below. 

2. How many board feet of lumber are required to make the Book-rack? 

Bill of Material for Plant Stanp. 

4 pes. l^"x l^"x22 
4 " J4"x 2" 
1 " Va" X 14" 



x22" 


Birch for Legs 


X 10/2" 


" Rails 


xl4" 


" " Top 



PLATE 15 




68 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 15 A. 

From the detail drawings make an assembly drawing of the Footstool showing the front 
and side views. The views are to be located so that they will appear well balanced in the space 
within the border lines. Scale 6"=i'. 

Title:— FOOTSTOOL 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

1. Make out a bill of material for the Footstool. 

2. How many board feet are required to make the Footstool? 



PLATE 15A 




TABLE OF STROKES 



/ 
/ 
/ 

z 

1/ 

uv 

X 

y 
k 



<STROK^G 1 


/ 


a 


<3 


/ 






/ 


i 




/ 


t 




1 


V 


z 


1 


V 


w 


\ 


x 




\ 


y 




/ 


k 


k 




J 

f 

r 
h 
n 
m 
u 
o 
o 



stroke:^ 1 


/ 


3. 


J 


J 


J 




1 


r 


f 


1 


r 




1 


h 




1 


n 




1 


n 


m 


L 


u 




C 


o 




O 








e 
a 

d 

9 
b 

P 

Q 

2. 



'STROKE'3 1 


/ 


2. 


v3 


c 


e 




c 


a 




c 


d 




c 


9 




1 


b 




1 


P 




s 


^ 




s 


s 


8 


p 


2. 






Slai^t of letters about TO 



PLATE 16 






j' ^^ / LT H r E LITTLE FLEET TELL LET 



•s-'K'Hr* 




i- 



VMV^A VWK X y ZENITH WEEK EXIT 



U UOQCGDPRBa CROSS UUG ^ 
INCLINED FREEHAND GOTHIC CAPITAL LETTERS 
7 4-7aS306QS 6LSSS" 7£ Q^" §§" 

'^ "y / I 1 2LV \A/xy kj f r h n m uo c e a d g q b p ^s^ 
Inclined Freehand Gothic Lower Case Lettera. 

LETTER! Ne PLATE. B 

DATE 

name: 



PLANES OF PROJECTION 



© 




ANBL.ES OF PROJEiCTIOM . ^MOV\/ING THE 
VSRT/CAL, AN D HORi:Z. OlSITyM-. P A/VAy ^-S. 




3 rd . ANGLE OP PROJECTION . SHO\A//N& 
THE. \/ERTICAL. AND HORIZONTA.L. PLANE& 




^rcf . ANGLE OP F'ROJBC.TIO'^ ' . 5 HO^A/INC > THJ 
VEfiT/CAl. , HORIZONTAL- AND P/=iOf=/UE. 




PLANES UNPOL-OEO 



PLANES OF PROJECTION (Continued') 




PROFILE. 
PLANE. . 



HORIZONTAL. 
PL-AtMB. . 



\J&RTIQfi,U 
PLANE. . 



PICTUFiE. o/?/aw/^e» . 




PROFIUB. 

plane: 
(right J 



SHO\A/ING PLANES UNFOLDED \A/HEN 
LOOKINGf OIRE.CTL.Y AT VERTICAL. PUANEL. 




FFiOMT \/IB\N OF OSyJECT ^SEEN THROUGH 
THE VEPTIC-AL. PLANE . 



if r 



:^ 




V/£.\NS OB>TA^INBrD IBY PFjO^BC-T/OM . 



FRONT \/tEW, TOP WgW, RIGHT amq LE.FT 
SIDE Vyg.W3. 



ilECHAXICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 17. 

In this problem two views of the Triangular Prism are given; the view on the vertical 
plane and the view on the horizontal plane. Obtain the view on the right profile plane by 
projection. Show all construction and projection lines. Scale I2"=i'. 

Title:— TRIAXGULAR PRISM 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



PLATE 17 




76 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



/ 



Specification — Plate 18. 

In this problem the view of the Hexagonal Prism is given on the horizontal plane. The 
view on the vertical plane is partially drawn and should be completed by projection. The view 
on the right profile plane should be obtained by projection. Show all construction and pro- 
jection lines. Scale i2"=i'. 

Title:— HEXAGONAL PRISM 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



PLATE 18 




y^ MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 19. 

The view on the vertical plane and the view on the horizontal plane are complete. Obtain 
the view on the right profile plane by projection. Show all construction and projection 
lines. Scale i2"=i'. 

Title:— OCTAGONAL PRISM 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



PLATE 19 




8o MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 20. 

Obtain the view on the right profile plane by projection. Show all construction and 
projection lines. Scale i2"=i'. 

Title:— TRIANGULAR PYRAMID 

SCALE UATE 

NAME 



PLATE 20 




82 MECHAXICAL DRAWIXG PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 21. 

Draw two views of the Square Prism on the left of the sheet, as shown. On the right 
side of the sheet draw three \iews of the prism when tilted as indicated. The view on the 
vertical plane and the view on the horizontal plane are complete. Obtain the view on the pro- 
file plane by projection. Show all projection lines. Scale i2"=i'. 

Title:— SQUARE PRISM • 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



PLATE 21 




84 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 22. 

Draw two views of the Triangular Prism on the left side of the sheet, as shown. On 
the right side of the sheet draw three views of the prism when tilted as indicated. The view 
on the vertical plane and the view^ on the left profile plane are complete. Obtain the view on 
the horizontal plane by projection. Show all projection lines. Scale I2"=i'. 

Title:— TRIANGULAR PRISM 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



PLATE 22 




86 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 23. 

Draw two views of the Hexagonal Pyramid on the left side of the sheet, as shown. 
On the right side of the sheet draw three views of the pyramid when tilted as indicated. The 
view on the vertical plane is complete. Obtain the view on the horizontal plane and the view 
on the right profile plane by projection. Scale I2"=i'. 

Title:— HEXAGONAL PYRAMID 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



PLATE 23 




88 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 24. 

Draw two views of the H-block on the left side of the sheet, as shown. On the right side 
of the sheet draw two views of the block as it would appear when turned as indicated. The 
view on the horizontal plane is partially drawn and makes an angle of 30° to the vertical 
plane. Obtain the view on the vertical plane by projection. Show all projection lines. Scale 



1 2"= I'. 



Title:— H-BLOCK 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



PLATE 24 




90 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 25. 

Draw two views of the Notched Block on the left side of sheet, as shown. In the mid- 
dle of sheet draw two views of the block when tilted as indicated. On the right side of sheet 
draw two views of the block when it is tilted as in preceding problem and turned to make an 
angle of 30° with the vertical plane. 

Title:— NOTCHED BLOCK 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



TT 



JO 



«^ 



PLATE 25 



M- 



.k 


r^ 


■; 


-^ .f^ 


— :^ 










c 






^h 


. 








r^ 1 


r^ 


I 


's 




* 


{ 




> 




" 






::li. 



^i 



g2 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 26. 

Draw three views of the Truncated Pyramid. The pyramid is so placed that a long 
edge of the base is parallel to the vertical plane. It is cut by an imaginary plane which forms 
an angle of 45° to the horizontal plane and 90° to the vertical plane. Show all projection 
lines. Scale I2"=i'. 

Title :— TRUNCATED PY.RAMID 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



PLATE 26 




94 MECHAXICAL URAWIXG PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 26A. 

Draw three views of the Truncated Prism when placed as indicated and truncated as 
shown. Show all projection lines. Scale I2"=i'. 

Title:— TRUXXATED PRISM 

SCALE DATE 

rAME 



PLATE 26 A 




96 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 27. • 

Make a complete working drawing of tlie Tool-post Slide, showing the front, top and 
right-side view. Indicate with a note that the piece is to be made of cast iron and is to he 
"finished all over." Scale I2"=i'. 

Title :— TOOL-POST SLIDE 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

The production of an ordinary metal casting, as iron or brass, involves three distinct oper- 
ations. First, a form or model very nearly like that required in the casting is made of wood 
or some other easily shaped material, and is called the "pattern." Next, with this pattern a 
mold is made in sand. The sand, which is especially prepared for the purpose, is called mold- 
ing sand. It contains a small percentage of clay and will retain its shape after the pattern 
has been removed. It is held in place while the mold is being made by a box, or frame- 
called a "flask." The flask also facilitates making the proper cavity in the sand with the pat- 
tern. Lastly, the metal is melted and poured into the mold. 

The surfaces of a casting which are made true and smooth by cutting them on a machine, 
are called "finished" surfaces. Such surfaces must have added metal allowed on them in 
the casting so that the casting will be the required size after the surfaces have been machined. 
A drawing should always be made and dimensioned to the required machined size of the 
object to be made. All finished surfaces must be labelled so that due allowances will be 
made in the pattern. See page 195. 

1. How are metal castings made? 

2. What is meant by "finish" in a working drawing? 

3. What is meant by "finish all over" ? 



PLATE 27 




gS MECHAXICAL DRAWING PROBLEM.s 

Specification — Plate 27A. 

^Make a complete working drawing of the Hexagonal Wrench showing two views and 
a "revolved section"' of the handle. The two faces of the wrench are to be finished. Indicate 
by a note that the wrench is to be made of malleable iron. Scale I2"=i'. 

Title :— HEXAGOXAL WREXCH 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

Ordinary iron castings are brittle and will break rather than bend when put under a 
severe strain. The wrench in this problem is cast of iron and then put thru a baking process 
which makes it tougher than ordinary iron castings. The product is "malleable cast iron" or 
a "malleable iron casting." 

1. How does a malleable iron casting differ from an ordinary iron casting? 



PLATE 27A 




lOO • MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 28. 

Make a drawing of the Picture Frame, showing the front view and the side view in sec- 
tion. The full-size detail shows a section of the molding which is used to make the frame. 
Scale 6"=i'. 

Title :— PICTURE FRAME 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

In small picture frames the joints are generally glued and nailed. Holes should be drilled 
for the nails while the pieces are held together with clamps. 

1. What is meant by a "mitre-joint"? 

2. How many feet of molding are necessary to make the frame in the drawing, allowing 4" for waste 
stock? 



PLATE 28 




102 MECHANICAL DRAWIN'G PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 28A, 

Make a drawing of the Xut Bowl, showing the front-view half in section and the upper 
half of the top view. Scale I2"=i'. 

Title:— NUT BOWL 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

When a cylindrical object is symmetrical, or the same on both sides of a center line, it ii 
sometimes a saving of time and paper to draw only one-half of the profile or circular view. 
This is especially true when the object involves many small details. 

1. \\'hy is one-half of the top view omitted in the drawing of the Xut Bowl? 



PLATE 28A 




104 



MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 29. 

Make a working drawing of the Gland consisting of two views. Show the side-view half in 
section. The drawing in the lower left-hand part of the data sheet shows a full-size detail of the 
bevels on the gland. The total length of gland is 2^". Indicate by a note that the piece is to be 
finished all over. Scale 12"^:'. 



Title:— 



SCALE 



GLAND 



NAME 



DATE 



The gland is used to retain and compress the packing in a stuffing box. (See illustra- 
tion.) A stuffing box in a steam engine is a piece of mechanism at the opening thru which 
the piston-rod enters the cylinder. By screwing down the nuts on the studs, the gland is 
forced deeper into the stuffing box and compresses the packing against the piston-rod and 
the walls of the stuffing box, thereby preventing leakage of steam 
from the cylinder thru the stuffing box and around the piston-rod. 
The packing being a fibrous material, allows the rod to move back 
and forth freely. 

1. Explain the use of the gland. 

503. 




PLATE 29 









-^J- 



I06 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 29A. 
Make a drawing of the Gear Brank, showing the side view in full section. Scale 12' 



1". 



Title:— GEAR BLAXK 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

A gear \vheel is a circular disk or wheel with cogs or gear teeth cut into the rim. It is 
used to transmit motion by means of engaging with other gear wheels or gear-toothed parts. 

The gear blank in the drawing has a rectangular groove, or "keyway" cut into the bore. 
A similar keyway is cut into the shaft on which the gear is mounted. A "key" which is fitted 
into the keyways, locks the gear on the shaft so that gear and shaft revolve together. 

1. Where have you seen a gear wheel in use? 

2. How can a wheel which is mounted on a shaft be fastened to the shaft so that it revolves with it? 



PLATE 29A 



O/A. OF GPAt^ BLANK -4-:7S8 
n_ II HUB 

11 II bofje: 






7 

e 



-THICKNE'SG OF VVgg 

« »_ RIM 

FACE. 

KgywAV 

F/ {-LET'S 




I08 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 30. 

Make a working drawing of the 5" Pipe Elbow, showing the front and left-side view. 
Show a partial section in the side view as suggested in the picture drawing. It is unneces- 
sary to show invisible lines representing the drilled holes. Scale I2"=i'. 

Title:— 5" PIPE ELBOW 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

The 90° pipe elbow is one of many so-called "pipe fittings" which are used to join or 
connect pipes. The smaller sizes of pipe usually have screwed joints. The pipe is threaded 
on the ends and connected by threaded fittings. The larger sizes of pipe are usually con- 
nected by flanged fittings bolted together. 

The inside diameter of a pipe is the nominal diameter. In speaking of a i" gas pipe, it 
is understood that the inside diameter is referred to: the inside diameter being necessary to 
compute the amount of gas that may pass through the pipe. 

1. How are pipes connected? 

2. Why is the inside diameter of a pipe given as the nominal diameter? 



PLATE 30 






-^J 



fl 




Mt 



f 



A = 

a = 
c = 

_ZL = 

^ = 



g/g£ OF Plf=>E. 
BOLT HOLE CIRCLE.S 
THICKNE&& OF RIPE. 
•> " FLANOE. 



64 



r 



CENTER TO FACE 
DJA. OF FLANCE 
F/LLET& 



7i 



1$ 
/6 



/o ' 

5^- 



-^Jr- 



.Sl" § Drill M. 
both flanges. 




no MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification Plate 30A. 
Make a drawing of the Chain as indicated. Scale i2"=i'. 

Title:— . CHAIN 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

The area of a circle = radius x radius x 3.1416. 
The volume of a cylinder = area x length. 

1. Compute the volume of a single link of the chain. 



PLATE 30A 




112 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEM.S 

Specification Plate 31. 

Make a drawing of the Babbitt Bearing, indicating the materials by means of a section in 
one of the views. Scale i2"=i'. 

Title:— BABBITT BEARING 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

The bearing in the drawing is used to support a revolving shaft. As in all machines or 
machine parts where motion and power are transmitted, there is friction between the surface 
of the moving part and the surface of the part that bears or supports it. This friction causes a 
loss of power, and causes wear on the surfaces of the moving part and the support, or bearing. 
In order to minimize friction, bearings are lined with one of several kinds of "bearing metal" 
which have anti-friction qualities. The bearing in the drawing is lined with babbitt metal 
which is an alloy of lead, tin and antimony and is one of the most common of bearing metals.. 

1. What is babbitt metal and what is it used for? 



PLATE 31 




114 MECHANICAL DRAWIXG PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 31 A. 
Complete the drawing of the Flanged Bushing. The bushing is finished all o\er. Scale 

I2"=l'. 

Title:— FLAXGED BUSHIXG 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

A bashing is a lining, or tube of metal or other material which is inserted in a hole that 
has been drilled or bored. It is used to reduce the size of the hole or to line it with a good 
bearing surface. The bushing in the drawing is made to fit the end bearing in the crank 
case of a gas engine and forms a bearing surface for the revolving crank shaft. A\'hen the 
bearing becomes worn thru continued use, it can be replaced by a new one made to fit the 
crank shaft. 

1. What is a bushing? 

2. Where have vou seen a bushina: used? 



PLATE 31A 



^i 



■ii 



n 



>M««*X»K»>K«KK«»>Kft^^^^^^ 



±m. 



^ "^i 



iO- 





Fini^h all ove.r. 



Tl6 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 32. 

]Make a drawing of the Rocker Arm as indicated. Place fillets wl.ere necessary and make 
the radius of all fillets }i". Scale 9"=i' 

Title:— ROCKER ARM 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

Keep Your Tools Clean. 

The tee-square, scale and triangles become dirty thru use and should be cleaned occa- 
sionally with warm w^ater and soap. Dirty tools soil the paper and should not be used. 



PLATE Zl 



<VI 



"'1 






Qho\a/ section 
on a-s here.. 




ED3- 



■^■ 



/6 J2 



\ 



^ BO/=IEi ■ 




Il8 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 32A. 

Make a drawing of the Bell-crank Lever as indicated. All fillets 34" vinless otherwise 
specified. Diameter of large hub 334"- Diameter of small hubs 2]/^". Scale 6"=i'. 

Title:— BELL-CRANK LEVER 

SCALE ■ DATE 

NAME 

Keep Your Pencil Points Sharpened. 

Accurate and neatly executed drawings require well sharpened lead points. The compass 
lead should be sharpened to a chisel point similar to the chisel point on a pencil. 



PLATE 32A 




120 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 33. . 

The working drawling represents a Truncated Square Prism, showing the front view, top 
view, side view and an auxiliary, or added view. The auxiliary view shows the shape and 
size of the surface w'hich is cut by an oblique plane. Develop a pattern for the prism as indi- 
cated. Scale I2"=i'. 

Title:— TRUNCATED SQUARE PRISM 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

The Development of Surfaces. 

It is frequently necessary to make a drawing of the surfaces of an object arranged m 
such a manner that a pattern being made from it and properly folded or rolled, would repro- 
duce the object. In order to do this, an outline of each surface must be obtained on a plane 
of projection parallel to it, so that it will be represented in its true shape and size. The sur- 
faces mvTst then be grouped and drawn adjacent to each other so that the pattern formed 
would assume the exact shape and size of the object, if properly folded or rolled. 



PLATE 33 




122 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 33A. 

Complete the working drawing of the Truncated Square Prism and develop pattern for 
same. Scale i2"=i'. 

Title:— TRUNCATED SQUARE PRISM 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



PLATE 33 A 




124 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 34. 

Make a drawing, including an auxiliary view, and develop a pattern for the Octagonal 
Prism. Scale I2"=i'. 

Title:— TRUNCATED OCTAGONAL PRISM 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



PLATE 34 




126 MECHAXICAL DRAWIXG PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 34A. 

Make a drawing, including an auxiliary view, and develop a pattern for the Pentagonal 
Prism. A simple method of drawing a pentagon, having giving one side, is indicated. Scale 



I2"=l'. 



Title:— TRUNCATED PEXTAGOXAL PRISM 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



PLATE 34A 




128 MECHAXICAI. DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 35. 

Make a drawing, including- an auxiliary view, and develop a pattern for the Triangular 
Prism. The base of the prism is an equilateral triangle. Scale I2"=i'. 

Title:— TRUNCATED TRIANGULAR PRISAI 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



PLATE 35 




130 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 35A. 

Make a drawing, including an auxiliary view, and develop a pattern for the Triangular 
Prism. Scale I2"=i'. 

Title:— TRUNCATED TRIANGULAR PRISM 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



PLATE 35A 




132 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 36. 

r\Iake a drawing, including an auxiliary view, and develop a pattern for the Triangular 
Pyramid. The base of the pyramid is an equilateral triangle. Scale I2"=i'. 

Title:— TRUNCATED TRIANGULAR PYRAMID 

SCALE ^ATE 



PLATE 36 




134 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 37. 

Alake a drawing, including an auxiliary view, and develop a pattern for the Square Pyra- 
mid. Scale i2"=i'. 

Title:— TRUNCATED SQUARE PYRAMID 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



PLATE V 




136 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 37A. 

Make a drawing, including an auxiliar}^ view, and develop a pattern for the Oblique Pyra- 
mid. In laying out the pattern draw an arc for each edge of the pyramid making the radius 
equal the true length of the respecti\e edge. Scale I2"=i'. 

Title:— TRUNCATED OBLIQUE PYRA^IID 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



PLATE 37A 




138 • MECHANICAL DRAWIXG PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 38. 

Make a drawing, including an auxiliary view, and develop a pattern for the Truncated 
Cylinder. Scale I2"=i'. 

Title:— TRUNCATED CYLINDER 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



PLATE 38 




I 'O • MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



Specification— Plate 38A. 

Make a drawing, including an auxiliary view, and develop pattern for the Sheet-metal 
Hood, including pattern for handle. The hand'.e is to l)e made of 's" x y^^" band iron. Scale 



^i'. 



Title:— SHEET-METAL HOOD 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



PLATE 38A 




142 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 39. 

Make a drawing, including an auxiliary view, and develop a pattern for the Truncated 
Cone. Scale I2"=i'. 

Title:— TRUNCATED CONE 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



PLATE 39 




144 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 39A. 
Make a drawing and develop a pattern for the Oblique Cone. Scale J2"=i'. 

Title:— OBLIQUE CONE 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



PLATE 39A 




146 MECHAXICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 40. 

Make a drawing of the Intersecting Cylinders, showing the line of intersection. Develop 
a pattern for each cylinder. Scale i2"=i'. 

Title:— INTERSECTIXG CYLINDERS 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



PLATE 40 




I '8 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 40A. 

Make a drawing of the Intersecting Cylinders, showing the line of intersection in the 
front view and the top view. Develop a pattern for each cylinder. Scale i2"=j'. 



Title:— INTERSECTING CYLINDERS 

SCALE DATE 

NAMF, 



PLATE 40A 




150 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 41. 

Make a drawing of a Cone intersected by a Cylinder as indicated. Develop the line of 
intersection in the top view and from it the line of intersection in the front view. Develop 
patterns for the cone and cylinder. Scale I2"=i''. 

Title:— CYLINDER INTERSECTING CONE 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



PLATE 41 




152 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 41A. 

Make a drawing of a Cone intersected by a Cylinder as indicated. Develop the line of 
intersection in the top view and from it the line of intersection in the front view. Develop 
patterns for the cone and cylinder. Scale I2"=i'. 



Title:— CYLINDER IXTERSECTING CONE 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



PLATE 41A 




154 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 42. 
Make a working drawing and develop pattern for the Ventilator. Scale 3"=i'. 

Title :— VENTILATOR 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

Sheet iron, sheet steel, sheet copper, etc., are formed by the rolling process. A bar, or 
"billet," of heated metal is passed between successive sets of revolving cylindrical rolls much 
as clothes are passed thru a clothes wringer. The metal is reduced in thickness and increased 
in surface each time it passes thru the rolls, the last set of rolls being so adjusted as to bring 
it to the desired thickness. These rolls are generally made of chilled cast iron or steel and 
are very heavy. Metal is also "cold rolled." 



PLATE 42 




T 5f) MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specific-tion — Plate 42A. 

},Iake a working drawing of the Ripe Tee, showing the front-view half in section. Show 
the line of intersection formed by the outside of the pipes on the left side of center line and 
the line of intersection formed by the inside of the pipes on the right side of center line in the 
front view. Scale 3"=i'. 

Title:— REDUCIXG TEE 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

Steam, water, oil or gas frequently passes thru pipes under a high pressure. Connections 
must therefore be made carefully so that there will be no leakage at the joints. Flanges for 
pipes and pipe fittings are machined so that they are true and will form a tight joint when 
bolted together. To further insure a tight joint, a ring cut from a sheet of rubber or other 
material is placed between the flanges. This ring, which is cut to the shape and size of the 
flanges, is called a "gasket." Asbestos, copper, and lead gaskets are also used. 



PLATE 42A 



/^ 



t 



4. Q£ TOP VIE\^' 



h e\ 







^ 



-^A 




It 



-^ 



N 






I I 



CO 



Drill B - ^ holes in both f/an^ea . 



16 



1 



; s 5 



la 



■^ 



y^ 



-H 



i 



^^ 




H- 



<t^QF ^blOC vie.w 



^ 



^/ 



"^o^ 



«3i 



158 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 43. 

Make drawings and develop patterns for the Pipe Elbow and the Funnel. Scale ij/" and 

I2"=l'. 

Title:— PIPE ELBOW AND FUNNEL 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

Sheet iron when exposed to moisture will soon rust. To pre\ent this it may be plated 
with a thin coat of some other metal which is not affected by moisture. For certain uses this 
is very desirable as the iron gives the sheet thickness and strength, and the plating affords 
a protection. So-called "tin" which is used to make cans, kitchen utensils, etc., consists of 
sheet iron plated with a very thin coat of tin. Galvanized iron consists of sheet iron plated 
with a thin coat of zinc. 



PLATE 43 




-- ^ 



IK 



- -5 
Q 






^ 0/ = a£.V£UOP/^£/^r 



FOn MIOOI-E. &E.CT/OI\l . 



<0 



/i 






3<v o^ Et-Bow f-/e.fie. 



1^ 



X^ld) 



^Qf Ifi*> t//EVX li 




"to 




4- ■ L 



^O/^ PART A 



\/£f?T£X OF OE.\fE. l-OPMBUT 



FOFt PAtf-r B 



^<0 



l6o MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 43A. 

Make a drawing of the 15° Fork AA'rench, using the following values which are for a -^4" 
nut. 

C = Itu , VJ — To , rt — Tu . J- — 1 78 , J — I . tv — /8 , t^ — 7j o , Ai — >2 , A — 9 . 

Draw line O.K 15° to center line ZY. Draw OB and OE 45° to OA, and FG 75° to 
ZY as shown. Tangent to circle of C diameter draw jaw faces parallel to OA. Space 
half of D on each side of 75° line FG. With x and x' as centers, draw arcs from outer 
end of jaw faces to lines OB and OE. With O as center, join the ends of these arcs, also 
inner ends of jaw faces. 

The wrench is dropped-forged of steel and is finished all o\'er. Scale 12" =1'. 

Title:— 15° FORK WRENCH 

SCALE D.\TE 

NAME 



PLATE 43A 




l62 MECHANICAL DRAWIXG PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 44. 

iN'Iake a drawing of the Steering Column Support, showing the front view, side view 
^nd an auxiliary view as indicated. The lay-out sheet shows the front view complete and 
as much of the side view as is to be drawn. Complete the auxiliary view omitting all dotted 
lines as they do not add any information and would make the drawing less clear if indi- 
cated. The pads upon which the support rests and the end of the cylindrical boss, are to 
be faced. Scale I2"=i'. 

Title:— STEERING COLUMN SUPPORT 

SCALE D.XTE 

NAME 

AuxiLL\RY Views. 

It will be noticed in the drawing of the Steering Column Support that the auxiliary 
view shows the shape and construction of the object to a good advantage. Auxiliary views 
are used whenever they make a drawing more clear than can be obtained with other views. 



PLATE 44 




164 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEM'S 

Specification — Plate 44A, 
Make a working drawing of the Slotted Segment. Scale I2"=i'. 

Title:— SLOTTED SEGMENT 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

Notes on Dimensions. 

1. Important dimensions should not be placed where they may be overlooked. 

2. AA'hen lines are close together, make arrow-heads so that the workmen can tell which 
line they go to. 

3. Do not put on all dimensions and then all arrow-heads as you may miss some of the 
arrow-heads by so doing. 



PLATE 44A 



pt^ill all holes, j^ 



Ca&t B>RA&a 




1 



^^ 



I • > I 

• -iM I 1 I 

I I \ t__L-L_L 



l66 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



F 


= Yx" thickness of rim at center, 


G 


= ]/i" thickness of rim at edge. 





= Yi of C. 


Y 


= E. 


I 


= 3" distance across web. 


T 


= 2^4" diameter of hub. 



Specification — Plate 45. 

Make a drawing of a Cast Iron Pulley 7" in diameter for 3" belt. Scale i2"=i". Use 
the following values which are taken from formulas and tables by J. ^^^ See. American 
^lachinist Hand Book, and are based on the diameter of pulley, width of belt and diam- 
eter of shaft. 

Dia., 7". 

W = width, z'A"- 

S = ly^," diameter of shaft. 

B = if" width of arm at center. 

C = i"u" width of arm at circumference. 

D = Yi" thickness of arm at center. 

E ^ ^" thickness of arm at circumference. L = 2^" length of hub. 

Title:— CAST IRON PULLEY 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

Conventional Sections. 

It will be noticed in the drawing of the pulley that the arms are not sectioned in the 
side \iew as would be the case in a true projection from the front view. This is done to 
show clearly the shape of the hub and the rim and is customary in drawings of objects in- 
volving spokes, arms, or ribs. The "revolved section" of the arm is also a conventional 
method of showing the shape of such members or parts. See page IQ7. 



PLATE 45 




TTJ 



H- 



5 

Q 



mm 




m^//y////M 



^ 




w.^/ ^^^^Aa^^^^m^^ 



1 68 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 45A. 

Make a full-size drawing of a 7" Hand Wheel, using the following values which are 
derived from formulas and tables based on the diameter of the wheel. 

A = 7" diameter of wheel. H = ijV'. 

B = io" diameter of rim. J = i-ic". 

C =^>^" offset. k = IjV: 

D == 2^" diameter across wel). L = W' width of arm at rim. 

E = Jf" thickness of arm at hub. '\l = W' v.idth of arm at hub. 

F = iV' thickness of arm at rim. O = 1.25 x B length of hub. 

G = ^". ■ Diameter of hub = D minus E. 

\A^hen reverse curves are to l)e joined as at x, a short straight line should be used to 
connect them to prevent an apparent kink in the finished curve. This rule may be ignored 
when drawinsr small curves of the same radius. Scale i2"=i'. 



't> 



Title:— 7" HAND WHEEL 

SCALE D.\TE 

NAME 

Conventional Sections. 

In a drawing of a pulley or wheel which has an une\en numl^er of spokes or arms, tlic 
sectional view should be represented as if there were two arms opposite each other, as in 
the hand wheel. The other view should show one of the arms in a vertical position above 
the horizontal center line. 



PLATE 4SA 




lyO MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 46. 

Make a drawing of the Library Table, showing the end view in section and the front- 
view half in section. Show also, sections on lines V-V, O-O, and X-X. Size of top 24" x 36". 
Depth of drawer 19" over all. All material ^" unless otherwise specified. Scale iV = i" 

Title:— LIBRARY TABLE 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

1. Make out a bill of material for the Library Table. The back, sides, and bottom of the drawer are made 
of basswood. All other pieces are of quarter-sawed white oak. 

2. Determine the approximate cost of the material for the table. 



PLATE 46 




^ 






•^ 



SE.cr/OA/ o-o 



±3- 



T. 



(,.'■■ 



























/ 





1-2 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 46A 

Make a drawing of the Bed to a suitable scale. The foot end of the bed may be drawn 
directly in front of the head end with a left-side view in section of the foot end and a right- 
side view in section of the head end. A separate drawing is made of the side rails. The rails 
are fastened to the ends of the bed by means of cast-iron rail fasteners which work on a 
wedge-hook principle. 

Title:— SINGLE BED 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 



PLATE 46A 






fM 



t^jx-rePfiAL. 




174 



MECHANICAL DRAWIXG PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 47. 

Make isometric drawings of a i}i" cube; a circular block 1%" thick by i>2" diameter 
resting on a block iV thick by i3^" square; a triangular frame and a clutch spider as 
indicated. In the drawing of the frame and the clutch spider, dimensions are to be placed 
on both the working drawing and the isometric drawing. Scale I2"=i'. 

Title:— ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

Isometric Drawing. 

Isometric drawing is a mechanical method of pictorial representation. It is used to 
represent a complete picture of an object in one view, showing the three dimensions of 
height, width, and length. Parallel lines of equal length on the object are of equal length 
in the drawing; hence isometric drawing.'; can be dimensioned to a better advantage than 
perspective drawings. 



PLATE 47 





_. 


\ 




3 



1>t 




176 MECHANICAL DRA\\IXG PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 47A, 

Make an isometric drawing of the Crank as indicated by the working drawing; also of 
the Brace in Plate 7A. Scale 12" and 9"= i' 

Title:— ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

Dimensions on isometric drawings should be placed so as to read from left to right or 
from the bottom up. Dimension lines should always be parallel to an isometric axis. In indi- 
cating the diameter of circles it is better to place the dimension outside of, rather than on 
the isometric circles. 



PLATE 47A 




178 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 48. 

1. Draw a helix of two turns having a diameter of 3^" and a pitch of 2" as indicated. 

2. Draw a profile, or sectional view of the United States Standard Thread of i" pitch 
as indicated. 

3. Draw a conventional representation of screw-threads on a piece of i^" diameter rod 
as indicated. Also a block threaded to fit a i/4" screw, upper half in section 

4. Draw a conventional representation of screw-threads on a i" diameter rod as indi- 
cated: also a block threaded to fit the rod and an end view of the block as indicated. Scale 



I2"=l'. 



Title:— U. S. STANDARD THREAD 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

The helix is the curve of the screw-thread and is the curve used in making the actual 
representation of a thread. It is the path of a point traced on the surface of a re^■olvmg 
cylinder as the point moves at a uniform rate of speed along a line which is parallel with 
the axis of the cylinder, and at some regular prescribed proportion of travel in this direction 
to each revolution of the cylinder. The pitch of the helix is the distance between any two 
points in the path of the cylinder measured parallel with the axis of the cylinder. See pages 
199 and 200. 

In the drawing of screw-threads the actual form of the thread is seldom represented, as 
it involves too much time and work. Conventional forms have been adooted, two of the 
most common being shown in Plate 48. 



PLATE 48 




l80 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 48A. 

1. Draw a i" hexagonal bolt and nut, U. S. Standard Thread, using the con\entional 
method of representing the thread as indicated.. 

2. Draw a i" square-head bolt and nut, U. S. Standard Thread, using the conventional 
method of representing thread as indicated. Scale I2"=i'. 

For construction of bolt heads and nuts, see page 198. 

Title:— MACHINE BOLTS 

SCALE -DATE 

NAME 

There are two classes of bolts, namely: Machine Bolts and Carriage Bolts. ^Machine 
bolts are classed as rough or linished and have square ®r hexagonal heads. In the process 
of manufacturing rough bolts, rods of iron or steel are cut into pieces of definite lengths, 
according to the length of bolt desired. These pieces are heated at one end and placed in 
the jaws of a machine called a bolt header, leaving enough of the heated end projecting 
to form the head. The ram of the machine upsets and forms the heated end to the desired 
shaped head. A thread is cut on the other end of the bolt in a threading machine, with a 
threading tool called a die. Finished bolts are turned from hexagonal, sqviare. or round bars. 
A\'hen turned from round bars it is necessary to machine the head to the desired shape. 
Nuts for the bolts are either punched from heavy sheet-metal or cut from metal bars of the 
proper shape. The holes are punched or drilled and are threaded with a t>o\ called a tap. 



PLATE 48A 




1 82 MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate 49. 

Make a working drawing of a ii'xi6' Garage. Show the side elevation, left-hand 
half in section; front elevation, left-hand half in section; plan view, in section on line A-B, 
The sectional half in the front and side elevation is to include the concrete fioor below the 
grade line. 

In the front are two hinged doors 3'-6"x7'-6"; each door to have a window with four 
14" X 14" lights and a built-up panel 2'-6" x 3'-o". The division bars or mullions in win- 
dow are 2" wide. The lights are held in place with J/^"x5^" strips. Show the opening 
only for the rear window. Scale }^"^i'. 

Title:— AUTOMOBILE GARAGE 

SCALE DATE 

NAME 

Note: — Use 15" x 22" paper. Trim to 14"x20j^". Border line 13" x 19". 



PLATE 49 

td' 









. • 






, /• 














u 








, 1 










PLAN ^ 






• 




■ 


O^AW THIS \//£W IhJ &BCTION 
an UINC A. -B 














' 













AUTOMOBILE GARAGE. 



■^£ 





SIDE. ELe 




-/2'- 


:vA7-/o/v/ 


'is!' 


A 






£ 




THIS) HA^I-F 




(=> 



G^A. _ 




FRONT ZLe.\/ATION 



THIS MAUP 
IM •&e.CT-ION. 



^ 



PLATE 49 (Continued) 




PLATE 49 (Continued) 




e- 



\/ERG£BOA^O_ 



CORNE.R BOARDS 



UA lyrB ^x( 



-43 F>ANB.l. 




^^JAi^^^i^i^' 



goon 




nuN- 



SPAfS/- 



A 




^=-~^^ 




Secf/on throug h . iamb qlC. c orner 



jg5 MECHAXICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 



Specification — Plate 49A. 

:Make a drawing of the Cornice and Sill to a suitable scale. Pitch yi. Shingles 4>^' 
to weather. 



PLATE 49A 



METAL. 







nRop oiDi/te- 



^ 



to 

g 



©HING-LBd 
SHEATIKCr 



CORMICE. AAio 6lLiLd 




RAFTERS £>6 



PJjATB X\X/0 <£ x-4- 



-\_STVr»6 £"x^" 



PVT^IE>& BOARDI/sTG- 




PL,A5Ttf^ 

LATH 

iBAS&BQAREv 






^ 



\X^7\L.Li 



1 88 



MECHAXICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 




GEOMETRIC PROBLEMS. 



Prob. I — To bisect a line as AB. AA'ith centers A and B, and any 
radius greater than one-half AB, draw arcs i and 2. Thru the points 
of intersection of these arcs draw a line. The line will bisect the line AB. 



^r 



Prob. 2 — To bisect the arc of a circle as AB. With centers A and B. 
draw intersecting arcs i and 2. Draw a line thru the points of inter- 
section of these arcs. The line will bisect the arc AB. 




Prob. 3 — To bisect an angle as ABC. From B with as large a radius 
as is possible, draw arc i. From its point of intersection with AB and 
CB. draw arcs 2 and 3. A line drawn thru B and intersection of arcs 
2 and 3, will bisect the given angle. 



GEOMETRIC PROBLEMS 



189 




r z: 3' •♦• &' e 



Prob. 4 — To divide a line as AB into any number of parts. Let the 
required number of divisions be six. Draw AC ^t any angle with AB, 
and lay off six equal spaces of any length. Connect last point, 6, with 
B and draw lines parallel to this line thru the other points intersecting AB 
in points i', 2', 3', 4' and 5' which determine the required divisions. 




Prob.' 5 — Given: Three points A, B and C, not in the same straight 
line. Required : To draw an arc passing thru these points. With A and 
B as centers and any radius greater than one-half AB, describe intersecting 
arcs. With B and C as centers describe similar arcs. Draw lines thru 
intersections of these arcs. The point of intersection of these lines at O 
is the center for arc passing thru A, B, and C. 



A L 



Prob. 6 — Given : Lines AB and CB at right angles to each other. 
Required : To draw an arc of a given radius tangent to these lines. Draw 
line DO parallel to AB with distance EO equal to given radius. Draw line 
EO parallel to CB with distance DO equal to given radius. Point O is 
center of arc and D and E are the points of tangency. 



I go 



MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS 





Prob. 7 — Given : Lines AB and CB which are not at right angles to 
each other. Required: To draw an arc of. a given radius tangent to these 
lines. Draw line DO parallel to AB with distance LO equal to given 
radius. Draw line EO parallel to CB with distance XO equal to given 
radius. Point O is center of arc and L and X are the points of tangency. 

Prob. 8 — Given : Any straight line CD and any arc AB. Required : 
To draw an arc of a given radius tangent to line CD and arc AB. Draw 
line EH parallel to CD with distance KO equal to given radius. From 
center of arc AB and with radius of arc AB, plus radius of given arc, 
describe arc 2 passing thru EH. Point O is center of arc, tangent to AB 
and CD. L and K are the points of tangency. 




Prob. 9 — Given: A circle of any diameter. Required: To inscribe 
a hexagon within it. Draw a diameter as AD. With A and D as centers 
and radius equal to that of circle, draw arc i, i and 2, 2. Connect points 
of intersection A, B, C, D, E, and F to form required hexagon. 

Draftsman's method : Draw horizontal diameter AD with T-square. 
\A'ith 30°, 60° triangle draw line passing thru center as illustrated by 
dotted lines, locating points C and F. In a similar manner locate points 
B and E and connect points with use of 30°, 60° triangle to form sides of 
hexagon. 



GEOMETRIC PROBLEMS 



191 





Prob. 10 — Given a circle of any diameter. Required: To circum- 
scribe a hexagon about it. Draw a diameter as BE. With point G as 
center and radius equal to that of given circle, describe arc 2. Bisect the 
arc GLN and thru L draw^ BC parallel to GN. With O as center and 
radius BO, describe circle BDF. In this circle inscribe a hexagon. 

Draftsman's method : With 30°-6o° triangle draw diameters BE, AD 
and CF as illustrated by dotted lines. With same triangle draw sides AB 
and ED, BC and FE, AF and CD, each tangent to the given circle. 

Prob. 1 1 — To draw an octagon within a given square. Draw diagonals 
in square. With A, B, C, and D as centers, strike arcs passing thru center 
at O and intersecting sides of square. Connect intersections with straight 
lines to form octagon. 



ig2 



HOW TO iSHARPEN A PENCIL. 



^ 



"C 




o 



P'IRST &TE.P. 



-vArvvw- 




hJOTctLr 

TO INDICATE 
HA.RONE.&& 




<3E:C0ND &TE.P. 



RD &-r£P. 



6H CHISE.U POINT 
BEST SUITE.O FOR L-AYOUT OP \/VOFiK. 




POINT 

BE.5T &UITE.O FOR QIMEiNSION I Nd 
AND L-e.TTEiRlhJe> 



USE OF FRENCH CURVE 



193 



Vt -INK -.J 




Firat draw 
Then C7pp/y 




the, efipse free hanc/ as core/cf/fy and ^tmooth as possib/e. 
That secfioK) of the cur-ve. SA/hich best co/'na/de& \A//th the 

i best not to /nk the, ful/ /e 
cur^v^e. to o /i&w jt:>os/T/on. 



loryest port/or) of the perjcr/ tine . /t is> best not to /nk the fuj/ length 
of fine match&c/ Sy the curve ^ bat ' rriove- "^ "^' 



194 



nniExsiONixG 




i 



-1 



!v^^- 



S 



H 



"mm 



finish all over 



^ 
-# 




7t& 



1^ 



-f- 






(5^ 









*) M ^^^ 



^< 



i 



-A ~ia 






I 

32. 




\A//=!ONe7 



-^>^'^ 



WnoNG- 



W/=?0/VG 



RIGHT 



> 



> 



Df~ill a holes j^ 



Make. arro\/w heod& like, ihls ' 



195 



METHOD'S OP /ND/CA7-/NO F/Nl<SH. 




^"T"^ 
> 



J_ 



Tum - 



m. 



'^SBore-' 




I 



? Core 




Jv 




N 



1 



^V±E 



l-h-L 



U 



!^ 



i Drill 



TUT 




Harden jS Grinds 







-\ — ^ 



jzzr 






m 



m — in 



ace 



"^ 







i ^r/'// 



3- Ream ^ 



T" 



•(I- 




Broach 



WM^ 



3 -iOa^^J^ 



'W 






^ ! 



6^ 



^l<M 



Po//3h x^ Nicke/pJafe^ 



196 



CONVENTIONAL- SECTIONS 

AND 

REPRESENTATIONS OF MATERIALS 




CAST IRON 




CA&T STEEL 




WROUGHT IRON 




WROU6Hr&TEE.L 




BRASS 





^ 






>^^R 






x^xj 




><><><! 


^M 




^^§ 






$$^ 


^^ 






^^ 


8§$ 






ss$ 


^^ 






M 


^ 


BABBIT" 


r 




&L.AS& 



»5;'OxiV.t:I?i^JV,.":i- 










i^^^ 




Mm^ 

^^i^^^< 






concrete: 




WOOD , CR065 eRAIN 




WOOD . WITH G7RAIN 



197 



CA'ST IRON COUI-AFi . 



f=HONT VIEiW. ENO V/£IA/. 




EKJO VZ/gW /A/ SECT /ON. 




END \/IEW HALP INFECTION . 






END V/gW PARTIAL. GECTION . 




CA&T >F(ON FL.Y \/VHE.EL. ■ 




&IDB. V/E.\/V J±J &E.CTION . 

a. 




^REVOLVEO aECTIOM . 



&IOE. \/IE>A/ HAL-F IN GECTION 




A ^ A 



.ISOLATES SECTIONS. 



SQUARE. Of=( FfEiCT/KNGUl-AH 

I^ETAL. FiOD& . 



Square, or i^je-Ctangulafj wood . 



BROKEN 
SECTION 




RIBBED PLATE 



SECTIONED. 




REVOLS/ED 



SECTIONS 



&OL.ID ROUND ME.TAC-. 



if 



HOt-L.O\A/ ROD OR Fl PE. . 



iim},»}>;»}l.l)im»m». 



miiiiimimimminmh 



198 







— A 



7^ 



7\ 




u.s. standard bolts 
(finished ^ 



AND NUTS 



CQ 



A = 

DIAMETER 


B = 

DISTANCE 


c = 

THICKNESS 


THREADS 
INiCH 


OF 
BOL.-r 


ACROSS 
FUAT 


OF 
HE.AO .SNUT 


1 
4 


7 

IS 


3 
1© 


ao 


5 

16 


17 
62 


1 
A. 


IS 


a 


5 

a 


52. 


I© 


7 

16 


23 
32. 


3 
S 


14 


1 
2. 


15 
le 


7 
16 


IZ 


le 


29 

31 


1 


IZ 


6 
8 


1 


9 

le 


1 1 


,3 


1* 


II 

16 


10 


7 


't 


13 
16 


9 


1 


1^ 


15 
16 


8 


is 


'i 


iii 


T 


•i 


li 


'1 


-7 



o 




o 




199 



LLi5. &XANDARD SCREW/ THREAD 

P.Tch->-i jSu- ^ 

1^ ^ 




Profile: c^ Threlad 

1^^ ^ r~-H<!^^ 









y///i=^ 


=^//A 


W^^ 


1 1 . 1 1 1 






Conventional Relpre-&elntat(On 



Actual Form 

<5HO\A/INe HELICE.& 



200 



Square "thread and acme thread 

Pitc h —^ [-»- Pitch -M 

mmmmm. 

/PROFILE OF /^CME- THFJELAQ 
/PFtOFIUE. Of^ 3,QUAFt£. THREADS A "^ ^ 

y//////////////////////////////////////A 









CONVELNTIONAL. REPR^GEiMTA-T/ O N& 






201 



Various KiNoa of Screws 



S}f7 



I 

V 



in 



Y 



T\ 



Cf^ 





\A/OOD SCRELW LAG 6CRE.V\/ CARRIA&E. BOLT ELXPANSIOM BOLT TOG&LE- BOLT 



\-^ 




PI 



# 



CAP £»CR£VA/& 



6E.T 5CRe.WS 




202 



Cabinet Dra\a/in& III ueT rated 



^ 



V 



^ 



T 



^/- 



^h 




^ 
^ 



^l-o 



\L> 



J Bevc/ 
all around 

#^ 

L. 






20' 



ARCrHITECTTVJRAL I^HTAILtS 





11 






©lalBIiHG- liOORtS 



^ -^ A 



GA6 AHD hl:ectric JUIOHTS 



FLV& 




"SXTT^^DQ-iXf 



;5liSK, 



TUB 



'S35<aSHBO'^STU 



O 







ABCDEF6HIJKLMNO 
PQR6TUVWXYZ (& 



PQRaTUYWAY^ =& 



dbcdcfg hrjklmnGopqp^tuvwxyz c^ 



204 



Structural 6"rEEi_ Form 




9.75 LB 5. 7 Inch 
CHANNEL 



wzi— 



r 




^^^>^^>yy^ yy^^^^y^^^^z^-r^^/ 



Vfjz- 



CONVENTIONAL SISN6 
FOR RIVETIMG. 
&HOP FIELD 



1 



ANGL& 



o 



TWO FU^;. HEADb 



(D 



C O UNTE. R S L'^/K 
INSIDE- AfJD CHIPPED 



Q ® r 



COUNT E. R S UI^K 
OUTS3IDE. Afjn CHIPPED 



~\ — I — r 

I I Q 



1 R 




COUNTER3UNK 
BOTH SIDES A? CHIPPE-D 



— I /.; 



I 1" 

I I 



1 



\i 1/ 



For details of startdarcf sTeeJ forms 
•see Oarnbrig Steel Cos boo*c . 




2.5 L&3. 

IP Inch 
I-BEAM 




-<t.6S 



205 



S 



•OlJO 



C^liO 



3AS£: C. Iron. 
:^ 



f=>UNCH C.FK.STeel. 



^ = -^ 




^ 



/> — 



T^ 



m 



le 



SPRING. Brass \A/iKa 
4tl7 



C5|V0 







7 

a 



1_ 



n 



_L_I_ 



J 






/^ 



#^ 




STRIKER Cast Brass 




PAPER PUNCH 



eCAUEl DATE 



206 









h 



«-i 



•^yo 



i >-^ 



^' Drill) 




7 



'/6T*- 



-^i 



3^ 



-t-M- 



If 






■r-r 






\ 



^ 



K 






^^■- 




^2- 



iSH 



a^-s 




METALWORKINS VISE 

scale: ^ PAT EL 



"1?) 

^ 




'^DrilL 



207 




^i^ 



QCRE.W Mch 3 tee/. Finish al/ over-. 
6' 



Pitch 



/-* 




7-i'- 



iz Drill 



3, 

e4- 



W — ^ 



J_ 






^ 



'16 



HANDLE. Mch. Steel. . 



Fini'sh aU 
over. 



n^ Drill 



jg. 




3^ 



1 



^i 



NUT 
Cast Brass 



.j_ 



^5\, 



9 



r)|VO 



_JL_ 



i^ 



f^x 



'6^ 






RETAINER 
Brass 



ViaE DETAILS 



208 




2og 





T— 


f 


tl 






\V\ 


1 C = 3 C-ZI 






n 
II 

LI 


• 


n 
II 
IJ 


^ 






£/ 





5 



-o^ 




LJ 



A 







\f> 



QO 



-^ 







««)to 



--=^: 



8 



-t^ 



"Tiop 



|L-J 



Nb! 






:.^-ri 



f/ 



^ 





Q 

Z 

(0 

z 
q: 
u 



f/ 



k 



-r-H 



L_J 



I 



2IO 




H 



A , 



M 




"5 



V 



Section A. A. 



co6tume:r- 

»5CALE. . DATE. . 



211 



T 
_L 



^o 



^S^^dd. 



^^^^^ 



J^ 



^2.± 



-3Z 




S 



1^ 



^^ 



PIANO BENCH- 
SCALE. . PATE.. 






IS- 



^er^^F^ 



212 



5 



z-zt± 



0= 



I 



VI 





4 

Moo 



<S£CT/OS/ X X 



k^: 



-^6- 



5 




3 

a 



"^ 



.30 



^ 




T 



■ss- 




<0 



'7- 






5l 



\^S-^/ 



/e 



LIBRARY TABLE. 
gcAi-e:. PATE. 



213 



■F='=S 1 



Blt^L. Of MATER /AL. . at W. OoM. 


1 


- /i X £7 — -*£ 


7-0^. 


1 


- / ><//i — ao 


SHE-UP 


3. 


- li y.^i-^ 23> . 


fiAILS. 


a 


- /i X Ji — a ^ 


CI.BATS. 


a 


- 'i y gJ — 2.S , 


LE.&&. 


^ 


- /J X^ - I7S. 


3i.ATa 


-* 


- /i X /i -^i 


S»^BUP SUf>P>onT& . 



2.7' 













^ 



'4 



"^ 



"0^ 
^ 



^' 



^2 



T 



? 



/j A // X j/ 



-t1-#: 






il 






"31 



LIBRARV 

^^ 



table: 

PAXg. 



214 



.L 




215 





}^ ! \ \ 



L 



\V ! \ A __V 

it- > 1 ^^J L^'^_-' 

n — T-f-f- ~-=^r-f ^1 ! — 



^ 



Ts 



g-^ 



- hqD ^ 

i_i_ 



6 



TURNED 
CANDLE STIQK6 

SCALE. 6"- !' DAT£. 

NAMEl . 



2l6 






It^- 



^ 



7A 



j-i 



5! 



9 










ec' 



e'G^ 



21 



f-^/ 



■ZH 



^ , ^ N iJ li 



. „-o 



Cor NCR PoaTe> 



H H 



1 




AUTOMOBILE. OARAGE 

SCALE- /? Da— & 



.^ 



^x.4.'6rLL 



^1 




a-4" C. ro c. 



&HINfel-Fn 



T 



_3 SE-VELED CEILINS (,j 

FROM aiLL TO PLATE. r— — 



'O '^ 3 S.OI-T5 

-4'-0"C.toC- 



S ma_5" CONCBEXEf,-Sgi^gf ^ 



CiNpEff5/,,'-.~; - •/"■, 




u u u 



Drop SmiNS 



■ Pitch 



Sr-l FETING 



12' 



IsG 



D 



I "G 5ADDL.E- BD. 




;:;^s2s^^p^ 



cs 




SiprMfe 



2l8 



I? 



IJ 



OVT'^IDE' 



A 



A 



c 



^^ 



X) 



T-l^ASmNG- 



^\ 



>5 



o 
o 



(J 

to 



-3= 




.HEABHT?^ 



YOK& 
arOP BEAD 



<SECTiOi\r ^ 




PARTI AI (7-. 
, , , B&At^ 

<5ECTio/sr £, 



ARCHITRAVB 

VVBI&HTBOX 
STJLSr 

Stop beao 



OVTSIIiE 




L.ATH 



219 

J_ 




9-0" 



-« 0—0 5»--* 



18'- o" 



*+< — 6-0- 



30'- O' 






J=IATE_, 



AF^pHiT&OT 



220 




•0 
J 



£■« lO 






^: 



lE^crriQy^ 



J 'PiTCW 



rTv7 



C=55 



El 




rTT3 





-»o"» 3o' 




-io'.x 3g" 










221 



■J 'DlTChi 



©Hli^GLiErD 




SHr^GLErO 







e>o" 

KS.4.- 


30" 





3)0 



-z.^ 



SO' 



BROP GlOLMCr 



60VTH BLEiVAXrOi^ 








24. 

'3o' 








24' 

■jo] 


'30 


'30 












223 



m^^ 







